Soviet bombs still killing people in Afghanistan

Decades on, Soviet bombs still killing people in Afghanistan

AFP December 15, 2019

Gholam Mahaiuddin sighs softly as he thinks of his 14-year-old son, who was killed in the spring by a bomb dropped last century in the hills of Bamiyan province in central Afghanistan.

"We knew the mountain was dangerous," said Mahaiuddin, who found his son's remains after he didn't come home one day.

"We were aware of mines but we could not find them. They were buried in the soft sand after the rain."

Forty years after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan -- and three decades since the conflict ended -- the war's legacy continues to claim lives across the country.

Mahaiuddin's son, Moujtaba, was killed along with two friends, aged 12 and 14, on May 17 when they went looking for berries in this idyllic landscape where chocolate-coloured mountains are topped with snow.

When none of them had returned the next day, Mahaiuddin and other residents from his tiny village, called Ahangaran, started searching.

"I found my son with just his chest and head left," Mahaiuddin recalled.

Moujtaba and his friends had been killed by what is known as an AO-2.5 RTM submunition.

The cluster bombs were used extensively by Soviet forces, who dropped them like deadly rain across Afghanistan in the years following their December 1979 invasion.

Mahaiuddin, 44, remembers the war well. He said he used to bring tea to mujahedeen fighters who would hide in the mountains and launch ambushes against Soviet patrols.

More recently, the cluster weapons have been used in Syria, according to a 2016 Human Rights Watch report.

"It is the most dangerous, it is very sensitive to vibrations," said Bachir Ahmad, who heads a team of deminers from the Danish Demining Group (DDG).

- 1980s battlefield -

The humanitarian organisation has been working in several Afghan provinces since 1999 to clear explosives left from a war most of the country's current, young population never lived through.

The hills of Bamiyan, which is famous as the home of two giant 6th-century Buddha carvings that the Taliban blew up, have been extensively scoured for mines and other explosives.

Near the site of the blast that killed Moujtaba and his friends, DDG workers have painted white pathways showing which areas are clear of danger.

"This is the last battlefield we are cleaning in Bamiyan, it dates back to 1986," said Habib Noor, the DDG's head for the province.

Bamiyan, a region dominated by Shiite Hazaras and relatively unaffected by today's violence ravaging the rest of Afghanistan, will soon be the first of the 34 provinces in Afghanistan where all known contaminated areas have been cleared.

The DDG found 26 explosive devices just in the area around Ahangaran.

"We explored the area with information from the people, finding locals who had fought up there," Noor said.

- Tedious work -

At the site near Ahangaran visited by AFP, deminers worked under a bright blue sky, with a doctor and team leader always on hand.

The team of eight, wearing bright blue body armour, picked quietly at the ground, their silence broken only by the sound of crows crying and metal detectors buzzing.

Zarkha, 26, said she had found her first cluster bomb a few days earlier.

"I was very scared," she said, describing how her team had carefully dug around the sensitive device and then destroyed it in a controlled explosion.

Last year, mines and other "explosive remnants of war" (ERW) killed or wounded 1,391 Afghans, according to government statistics. More than half of the victims were children.

"The explosive is still operable after one hundred years. The metal and plastic will degrade but not the explosives," said Abdul Hakim Noorzai, DDG's chief of demining operations based in Kabul.

Ahmad, the demining team leader, said he was angry his country remained devastated by the Soviet war.

"They destroyed our lives. Because of them we have to do demining instead of being a doctor or engineer or teacher," he said, adding that he had been demining since 2003 and was bored with the tedious work.

While heading down the mountain, the team finds a gang of children playing outside the village's modest school.

Nahida, 11, smiles shyly under the little white scarf covering her hair.

She remembers Moujtaba well. "He was my cousin. I cried when I learned that he was dead," she said.

Asked if she knew anything about the war with the Soviets, she replied: "I don't know where the bombs came from."

The Algerian Genocide

The following is an excerpt from the following web site:

https://www.worldbulletin.net/filebox/algerian-genocide-the-setif-massacre-h139653.html

In an attempt to break down Algerian resistance and pro-independence support, French occupation forces placed the Algerians under military, political, religious, cultural and economic pressures.

Cultural pressure was applied with the intention of eliminating Muslim and Arab identities. Attempts were made to replace Arabic and Berber -the official languages of Algeria-with French. Religious pressure was applied with the intention of replacing Islam with Christianity via an increase in Christian missionary activities. Land belonging to tribes who were deemed ‘anti-occupation’, was confiscated in a bid to apply economic pressures and non-transferable properties belonging to foundations that were set up to serve the society were seized. Europeans migrants were also settled into colonial settlements in the country's most beautiful regions. In order to encourage such migration, land was seized from native tribes and distributed, without cost, to European migrants.

Algerian rebellion against political repression and massacre led to brutal suppression at the hands of the 400,000 French soldiers whom had been deployed to the country. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed. Following the genocidal massacre, France gained entire control of Algeria. Although this was only achieved in the 1900’s, from this point onwards, hundreds of thousands of French citizens settled in Algeria.

PKK and the Drug Trade

Source: EU Drug Markets Report 2019

http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/12078/20192630_TD0319332ENN_PDF.pdf

Ethno-nationalist and separatist terrorist groups are motivated by nationalism, ethnicity and/or religion. Separatist groups seek to carve out a state for themselves from a larger country or annex territory from one country to that of another. Left- or right-wing ideological elements are not uncommon in these types of groups. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the Kurdish PKK fall into this category.

The PKK, a paramilitary group based in the Middle East — primarily in south-eastern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq — has been reported to be involved in organised crime (Europol, 2019f; Roth and Sever, 2007), with few examples of its engagement in the drug trade in the EU (Basra, 2019)

Basra, R. (2019), A new high? Terrorists and drugs in Europe, background paper for this report, EMCDDA, Lisbon.

Europol (2019f), European Union terrorism situation and trend report (https://www.europol.europa.eu/tesat-report).

Roth, M. P. and Sever, M. (2007), ‘The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as criminal syndicate: funding terrorism through organized crime, a case study’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30(10), pp. 901-920.

Toynbee on Changing the Alphabet

Source:  A Study of History: Abridgement of, Volumes 1-6.